feat: Adds Latin1 text support (#2317)

## Summary

- Adds proper Latin1 encoding support, replacing CP1252 usage throughout the codebase
- Adds specialized, optimized string decoding methods with safe string filtering for each encoding type
- Filters invalid Unicode characters (C0/C1 control codes, non-characters) by removal rather than replacement since
the UO client renders nothing for these characters
- Fixes UTF-16 null terminator position handling to correctly advance by 2 bytes

## Changes

TextEncoding.cs

- Added SearchValues-based invalid byte/char detection for efficient filtering
- Added encoding-specific GetString methods: GetStringAscii, GetStringLatin1, GetStringUtf8, GetStringBigUni,
GetStringLittleUni
- Each method supports a safeString parameter for filtering invalid characters
- Little-endian UTF-16 uses direct memory cast for zero-copy decoding on LE systems
- Invalid characters are removed (not replaced with U+FFFD) since the client renders nothing for them

SpanReader.cs

- Added ReadLatin1() and ReadLatin1Safe() methods
- Rewrote encoding-specific read methods to use optimized TextEncoding.GetString* methods
- Fixed UTF-16 null terminator handling: position now correctly advances by byteLength (2) instead of 1

SpanWriter.cs

- Added WriteLatin1 and WriteLatin1Null methods

## Packet Updates

- Updated all packet code to use Latin1 encoding instead of CP1252
- Affected: account packets, equipment packets, menu packets, message packets, mobile packets, player packets, secure
trade packets, vendor packets, gump packets, book packets, mahjong packets

## Filtering Behavior

Invalid characters filtered in safe mode:
```
┌───────────────┬────────────────────────┐
│     Range     │      Description       │
├───────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 0x00-0x1F     │ C0 control codes       │
├───────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 0x7F          │ DEL                    │
├───────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 0x80-0x9F     │ C1 control codes       │
├───────────────┼────────────────────────┤
│ 0xFFFE-0xFFFF │ Unicode non-characters │
└───────────────┴────────────────────────┘
```

Note: Surrogate pairs (0xD800-0xDFFF) are not filtered because proper validation requires context checking for paired
vs unpaired surrogates. The UO client renders nothing for these anyway.

## Test Plan

- All 631 Server.Tests pass
- Verified client rendering behavior using TestUnicodeGump command (pages 1-5)
- Confirmed U+FFFD, unpaired surrogates, and non-characters all render as blank in client
- Verified Latin1 characters (0xA0-0xFF) display correctly
- Verified C1 control codes (0x80-0x9F) are filtered and don't display

Projects/Server.Tests/Tests/Buffers/SpanReaderTests.cs

@@ -291,7 +291,8 @@ public class SpanReaderTests
         var result = reader.ReadLittleUni();
 
         Assert.Equal("Hi", result);
-        Assert.Equal(5, reader.Position);
+        // Position 6: 4 bytes for "Hi" + 2 bytes for UTF-16 null terminator
+        Assert.Equal(6, reader.Position);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -309,12 +310,14 @@ public class SpanReaderTests
     [Fact]
     public void TestReadLittleUniSafe()
     {
-        ReadOnlySpan<byte> buffer = [(byte)'H', 0, 0xFF, 0xD8, (byte)'i', 0];
+        // Test with C1 control code (0x85 = NEL) which should be filtered
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> buffer = [(byte)'H', 0, 0x85, 0x00, (byte)'i', 0];
         var reader = new SpanReader(buffer);
 
         var result = reader.ReadLittleUniSafe();
 
-        Assert.Equal("H\uFFFDi", result);
+        // C1 control (0x0085) removed - client renders nothing for invalid chars
+        Assert.Equal("Hi", result);
         Assert.Equal(6, reader.Position);
     }
 
@@ -339,7 +342,8 @@ public class SpanReaderTests
         var result = reader.ReadBigUni();
 
         Assert.Equal("Hi", result);
-        Assert.Equal(5, reader.Position);
+        // Position 6: 4 bytes for "Hi" + 2 bytes for UTF-16 null terminator
+        Assert.Equal(6, reader.Position);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -357,12 +361,14 @@ public class SpanReaderTests
     [Fact]
     public void TestReadBigUniSafe()
     {
-        ReadOnlySpan<byte> buffer = [0, (byte)'H', 0xD8, 0xFF, 0, (byte)'i'];
+        // Test with C1 control code (0x0085 = NEL) which should be filtered
+        ReadOnlySpan<byte> buffer = [0, (byte)'H', 0x00, 0x85, 0, (byte)'i'];
         var reader = new SpanReader(buffer);
 
         var result = reader.ReadBigUniSafe();
 
-        Assert.Equal("H\uFFFDi", result);
+        // C1 control (0x0085) removed - client renders nothing for invalid chars
+        Assert.Equal("Hi", result);
         Assert.Equal(6, reader.Position);
     }
 

Projects/Server/Buffers/SpanReader.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*************************************************************************
  * ModernUO                                                              *
- * Copyright 2019-2025 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
+ * Copyright 2019-2026 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
  * Email: hi@modernuo.com                                                *
  * File: SpanReader.cs                                                   *
  *                                                                       *
@@ -207,49 +207,241 @@ public ref struct SpanReader
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadLittleUniSafe(int fixedLength) => ReadString(TextEncoding.UnicodeLE, true, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadLittleUniSafe(int fixedLength) => ReadStringLittleUni(true, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadLittleUniSafe() => ReadString(TextEncoding.UnicodeLE, true);
+    public string ReadLittleUniSafe() => ReadStringLittleUni(true);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadLittleUni(int fixedLength) => ReadString(TextEncoding.UnicodeLE, false, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadLittleUni(int fixedLength) => ReadStringLittleUni(false, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadLittleUni() => ReadString(TextEncoding.UnicodeLE);
+    public string ReadLittleUni() => ReadStringLittleUni(false);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadBigUniSafe(int fixedLength) => ReadString(TextEncoding.Unicode, true, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadBigUniSafe(int fixedLength) => ReadStringBigUni(true, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadBigUniSafe() => ReadString(TextEncoding.Unicode, true);
+    public string ReadBigUniSafe() => ReadStringBigUni(true);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadBigUni(int fixedLength) => ReadString(TextEncoding.Unicode, false, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadBigUni(int fixedLength) => ReadStringBigUni(false, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadBigUni() => ReadString(TextEncoding.Unicode);
+    public string ReadBigUni() => ReadStringBigUni(false);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadUTF8Safe(int fixedLength) => ReadString(TextEncoding.UTF8, true, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadUTF8Safe(int fixedLength) => ReadStringUtf8(true, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadUTF8Safe() => ReadString(TextEncoding.UTF8, true);
+    public string ReadUTF8Safe() => ReadStringUtf8(true);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadUTF8() => ReadString(TextEncoding.UTF8);
+    public string ReadUTF8(int fixedLength) => ReadStringUtf8(false, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadAsciiSafe(int fixedLength) => ReadString(Encoding.ASCII, true, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadUTF8() => ReadStringUtf8(false);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadAsciiSafe() => ReadString(Encoding.ASCII, true);
+    public string ReadAsciiSafe(int fixedLength) => ReadStringAscii(true, fixedLength);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadAscii(int fixedLength) => ReadString(Encoding.ASCII, false, fixedLength);
+    public string ReadAsciiSafe() => ReadStringAscii(true);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public string ReadAscii() => ReadString(Encoding.ASCII);
+    public string ReadAscii(int fixedLength) => ReadStringAscii(false, fixedLength);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public string ReadAscii() => ReadStringAscii(false);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public string ReadLatin1Safe(int fixedLength) => ReadStringLatin1(true, fixedLength);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public string ReadLatin1Safe() => ReadStringLatin1(true);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public string ReadLatin1(int fixedLength) => ReadStringLatin1(false, fixedLength);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public string ReadLatin1() => ReadStringLatin1(false);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads a big-endian UTF-16 string, filtering control codes and non-characters in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    private string ReadStringBigUni(bool safeString, int fixedLength = -1)
+    {
+        if (fixedLength == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        const int byteLength = 2;
+        var isFixedLength = fixedLength > -1;
+
+        var remaining = Remaining;
+        int size;
+        if (isFixedLength)
+        {
+            size = fixedLength * byteLength;
+            if (size > remaining)
+            {
+                throw new EndOfStreamException("Cannot read past the end of the buffer.");
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Ensure even number of bytes
+            size = remaining - (remaining & 1);
+        }
+
+        var span = _buffer.Slice(Position, size);
+        var index = span.IndexOfTerminator(byteLength);
+
+        if (index > -1)
+        {
+            span = _buffer.Slice(Position, index);
+        }
+
+        Position += isFixedLength || index < 0 ? size : index + byteLength;
+
+        return TextEncoding.GetStringBigUni(span, safeString);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads a little-endian UTF-16 string, filtering control codes and non-characters in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    private string ReadStringLittleUni(bool safeString, int fixedLength = -1)
+    {
+        if (fixedLength == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        const int byteLength = 2;
+        var isFixedLength = fixedLength > -1;
+
+        var remaining = Remaining;
+        int size;
+        if (isFixedLength)
+        {
+            size = fixedLength * byteLength;
+            if (size > remaining)
+            {
+                throw new EndOfStreamException("Cannot read past the end of the buffer.");
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Ensure even number of bytes
+            size = remaining - (remaining & 1);
+        }
+
+        var span = _buffer.Slice(Position, size);
+        var index = span.IndexOfTerminator(byteLength);
+
+        if (index > -1)
+        {
+            span = _buffer.Slice(Position, index);
+        }
+
+        Position += isFixedLength || index < 0 ? size : index + byteLength;
+
+        return TextEncoding.GetStringLittleUni(span, safeString);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads an ASCII string, filtering C0 control codes and DEL in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    private string ReadStringAscii(bool safeString, int fixedLength = -1)
+    {
+        if (fixedLength == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var isFixedLength = fixedLength > -1;
+
+        int size = isFixedLength ? fixedLength : Remaining;
+        if (size > Remaining)
+        {
+            throw new EndOfStreamException("Cannot read past the end of the buffer.");
+        }
+
+        var span = _buffer.Slice(Position, size);
+        var index = span.IndexOf((byte)0);
+
+        if (index > -1)
+        {
+            span = _buffer.Slice(Position, index);
+        }
+
+        Position += isFixedLength || index < 0 ? size : index + 1;
+
+        return TextEncoding.GetStringAscii(span, safeString);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads a UTF-8 string, filtering control codes and non-characters in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    private string ReadStringUtf8(bool safeString, int fixedLength = -1)
+    {
+        if (fixedLength == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var isFixedLength = fixedLength > -1;
+
+        int size = isFixedLength ? fixedLength : Remaining;
+        if (size > Remaining)
+        {
+            throw new EndOfStreamException("Cannot read past the end of the buffer.");
+        }
+
+        var span = _buffer.Slice(Position, size);
+        var index = span.IndexOf((byte)0);
+
+        if (index > -1)
+        {
+            span = _buffer.Slice(Position, index);
+        }
+
+        Position += isFixedLength || index < 0 ? size : index + 1;
+
+        return TextEncoding.GetStringUtf8(span, safeString);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads a Latin1 string, filtering C0/C1 control codes in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    private string ReadStringLatin1(bool safeString, int fixedLength = -1)
+    {
+        if (fixedLength == 0)
+        {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        var isFixedLength = fixedLength > -1;
+
+        int size = isFixedLength ? fixedLength : Remaining;
+        if (size > Remaining)
+        {
+            throw new EndOfStreamException("Cannot read past the end of the buffer.");
+        }
+
+        var span = _buffer.Slice(Position, size);
+        var index = span.IndexOf((byte)0);
+
+        if (index > -1)
+        {
+            span = _buffer.Slice(Position, index);
+        }
+
+        Position += isFixedLength || index < 0 ? size : index + 1;
+
+        return TextEncoding.GetStringLatin1(span, safeString);
+    }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public int Seek(int offset, SeekOrigin origin)

Projects/Server/Buffers/SpanWriter.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*************************************************************************
  * ModernUO                                                              *
- * Copyright 2019-2025 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
+ * Copyright 2019-2026 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
  * Email: hi@modernuo.com                                                *
  * File: SpanWriter.cs                                                   *
  *                                                                       *
@@ -273,8 +273,7 @@ public ref struct SpanWriter
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public void WriteAscii(char chr) => Write((byte)chr);
 
-    public void WriteAscii(
-        ref RawInterpolatedStringHandler handler)
+    public void WriteAscii(ref RawInterpolatedStringHandler handler)
     {
         Write(handler.Text, Encoding.ASCII);
         handler.Clear();
@@ -289,9 +288,22 @@ public ref struct SpanWriter
         handler.Clear();
     }
 
-    public void Write(
-        Encoding encoding,
+    public void WriteLatin1(ref RawInterpolatedStringHandler handler)
+    {
+        Write(handler.Text, Encoding.Latin1);
+        handler.Clear();
+    }
+
+    public void WriteLatin1(
+        IFormatProvider? formatProvider,
+        [InterpolatedStringHandlerArgument("formatProvider")]
         ref RawInterpolatedStringHandler handler)
+    {
+        Write(handler.Text, Encoding.Latin1);
+        handler.Clear();
+    }
+
+    public void Write(Encoding encoding, ref RawInterpolatedStringHandler handler)
     {
         Write(handler.Text, encoding);
         handler.Clear();
@@ -388,6 +400,19 @@ public ref struct SpanWriter
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public void WriteAscii(string value, int fixedLength) => Write(value, Encoding.ASCII, fixedLength);
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public void WriteLatin1(string value) => Write(value, Encoding.Latin1);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public void WriteLatin1(string value, int fixedLength) => Write(value, Encoding.Latin1, fixedLength);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public void WriteLatin1Null(string value)
+    {
+        Write(value, Encoding.Latin1);
+        Write((byte)0); // '\0'
+    }
+
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public void Clear(int count)
     {

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingAccountPackets.cs

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public static class OutgoingAccountPackets
                 var name = (m.RawName?.Trim()).DefaultIfNullOrEmpty("-no name-");
 
                 count++;
-                writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
+                writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
                 writer.Clear(30); // Password (empty)
             }
         }
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ public static class OutgoingAccountPackets
             else
             {
                 var name = (m.RawName?.Trim()).DefaultIfNullOrEmpty("-no name-");
-                writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
+                writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
                 writer.Clear(30); // password
             }
         }
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ public static class OutgoingAccountPackets
             else
             {
                 var name = (m.RawName?.Trim()).DefaultIfNullOrEmpty("-no name-");
-                writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
+                writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
                 writer.Clear(30); // password
             }
         }
@@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ public static class OutgoingAccountPackets
             var ci = cityInfo[i];
 
             writer.Write((byte)i);
-            writer.WriteAscii(ci.City, textLength);
-            writer.WriteAscii(ci.Building, textLength);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(ci.City, textLength);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(ci.Building, textLength);
             if (client70130)
             {
                 writer.Write(ci.X);
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ public static class OutgoingAccountPackets
             var si = info[i];
 
             writer.Write((ushort)i);
-            writer.WriteAscii(si.Name, 32);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(si.Name, 32);
             writer.Write((byte)si.FullPercent);
             writer.Write((sbyte)si.TimeZone);
             // UO only supports IPv4

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingEquipmentPackets.cs

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public static class OutgoingEquipmentPackets
             writer.Write(-3); // crafted by
 
             writer.Write((ushort)crafterName.Length);
-            writer.WriteAscii(crafterName);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(crafterName);
         }
 
         if (unidentified)

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingMenuPackets.cs

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMenuPackets
 
         if (question != null)
         {
-            writer.WriteAscii(question);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(question);
         }
 
         writer.Write((byte)entriesLength);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMenuPackets
             {
                 var nameLength = name.Length;
                 writer.Write((byte)nameLength);
-                writer.WriteAscii(name);
+                writer.WriteLatin1(name);
             }
         }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMenuPackets
 
         if (question != null)
         {
-            writer.WriteAscii(question);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(question);
         }
 
         writer.Write((byte)answersLength);
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMenuPackets
             {
                 var nameLength = answer.Length;
                 writer.Write((byte)nameLength);
-                writer.WriteAscii(answer);
+                writer.WriteLatin1(answer);
             }
         }
 

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingMessagePackets.cs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMessagePackets
         writer.Write((short)hue);
         writer.Write((short)font);
         writer.Write(number);
-        writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
         writer.WriteLittleUniNull(args);
 
         writer.WritePacketLength();
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ public static class OutgoingMessagePackets
         writer.Write((short)font);
         writer.Write(number);
         writer.Write((byte)affixType);
-        writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
-        writer.WriteAsciiNull(affix);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
+        writer.WriteLatin1Null(affix);
         writer.WriteBigUniNull(args);
 
         writer.WritePacketLength();
@@ -214,13 +214,13 @@ public static class OutgoingMessagePackets
         writer.Write((short)font);
         if (ascii)
         {
-            writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
-            writer.WriteAsciiNull(text);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
+            writer.WriteLatin1Null(text);
         }
         else
         {
             writer.WriteAscii(lang, 4);
-            writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
             writer.WriteBigUniNull(text);
         }
 

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingMobilePackets.cs

@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMobilePackets
         writer.Write((byte)0x98); // Packet ID
         writer.Write((ushort)37);
         writer.Write(m.Serial);
-        writer.WriteAscii(m.Name ?? "", 29);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(m.Name ?? "", 29);
         writer.Write((byte)0); // Null terminator
 
         ns.Send(writer.Span);
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ public static class OutgoingMobilePackets
         writer.Write((byte)0x11); // Packet ID
         writer.Seek(2, SeekOrigin.Current);
         writer.Write(beheld.Serial);
-        writer.WriteAscii(name, 30);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(name, 30);
         writer.WriteAttribute(beheld.HitsMax, beheld.Hits, version == 0, true);
         writer.Write(canBeRenamed);
         writer.Write((byte)version);

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingPlayerPackets.cs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public static class OutgoingPlayerPackets
         writer.Write((byte)0xB8); // Packet ID
         writer.Write((ushort)length);
         writer.Write(m);
-        writer.WriteAsciiNull(header);
+        writer.WriteLatin1Null(header);
         writer.WriteBigUniNull(footer);
         writer.WriteBigUniNull(body);
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ public static class OutgoingPlayerPackets
         var writer = new SpanWriter(stackalloc byte[66]);
         writer.Write((byte)0x88); // Packet ID
         writer.Write(m);
-        writer.WriteAscii(title, 60);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(title, 60);
         writer.Write(flags);
 
         ns.Send(writer.Span);
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ public static class OutgoingPlayerPackets
         writer.Write((byte)type);
         writer.Write(tip);
         writer.Write((ushort)text.Length);
-        writer.WriteAscii(text);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(text);
 
         ns.Send(writer.Span);
     }

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingSecureTradePackets.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public static class OutgoingSecureTradePackets
         writer.Write(second.Serial);
         writer.Write(true);
 
-        writer.WriteAscii(name ?? "", 30);
+        writer.WriteLatin1(name ?? "", 30);
 
         ns.Send(writer.Span);
     }

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingVendorBuyPackets.cs

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public static class OutgoingVendorBuyPackets
             var desc = bis.Description ?? "";
 
             writer.Write((byte)(desc.Length + 1));
-            writer.WriteAsciiNull(desc);
+            writer.WriteLatin1Null(desc);
         }
 
         ns.Send(writer.Span);

Projects/Server/Network/Packets/OutgoingVendorSellPackets.cs

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public static class OutgoingVendorSellPackets
             var name = (item.Name?.Trim()).DefaultIfNullOrEmpty(sis.Name ?? "");
 
             writer.Write((ushort)name.Length);
-            writer.WriteAscii(name);
+            writer.WriteLatin1(name);
         }
 
         writer.WritePacketLength();

Projects/Server/Server.csproj

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
         <PackageReference Include="CommunityToolkit.HighPerformance" Version="8.4.0" />
         <PackageReference Include="LibDeflate.Bindings" Version="1.0.2.120" />
         <PackageReference Include="PollGroup" Version="1.7.1" />
-        <PackageReference Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="10.0.1" />
+        <PackageReference Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="10.0.2" />
 
         <PackageReference Include="ModernUO.Serialization.Annotations" Version="2.14.0" />
         <PackageReference Include="ModernUO.Serialization.Generator" Version="2.14.1" />

Projects/Server/Text/TextEncoding.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*************************************************************************
  * ModernUO                                                              *
- * Copyright 2019-2025 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
+ * Copyright 2019-2026 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
  * Email: hi@modernuo.com                                                *
  * File: TextEncoding.cs                                                 *
  *                                                                       *
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
  *************************************************************************/
 
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Text;
 using Server.Buffers;
 
@@ -22,11 +24,46 @@ namespace Server.Text;
 
 public static class TextEncoding
 {
-    private static Encoding m_UTF8, m_Unicode, m_UnicodeLE;
+    private static Encoding _utf8, _unicode, _unicodeLE;
 
-    public static Encoding UTF8 => m_UTF8 ??= new UTF8Encoding(false, false);
-    public static Encoding Unicode => m_Unicode ??= new UnicodeEncoding(true, false, false);
-    public static Encoding UnicodeLE => m_UnicodeLE ??= new UnicodeEncoding(false, false, false);
+    // SearchValues for invalid ASCII display bytes (C0: 0x00-0x1F, DEL: 0x7F)
+    // Note: Bytes >= 0x80 are invalid ASCII and become '?' when decoded, which is acceptable
+    private static readonly SearchValues<byte> InvalidAsciiBytes = SearchValues.Create(
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
+        0x7F
+    );
+
+    // SearchValues for invalid Latin1 bytes (C0: 0x00-0x1F, C1: 0x80-0x9F)
+    private static readonly SearchValues<byte> InvalidLatin1Bytes = SearchValues.Create(
+        0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+        0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+        0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+        0x18, 0x19, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
+        0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87,
+        0x88, 0x89, 0x8A, 0x8B, 0x8C, 0x8D, 0x8E, 0x8F,
+        0x90, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x97,
+        0x98, 0x99, 0x9A, 0x9B, 0x9C, 0x9D, 0x9E, 0x9F
+    );
+
+    // SearchValues for invalid Latin1 chars (same ranges as bytes)
+    private static readonly SearchValues<char> InvalidLatin1Chars = SearchValues.Create(
+        '\x00', '\x01', '\x02', '\x03', '\x04', '\x05', '\x06', '\x07',
+        '\x08', '\x09', '\x0A', '\x0B', '\x0C', '\x0D', '\x0E', '\x0F',
+        '\x10', '\x11', '\x12', '\x13', '\x14', '\x15', '\x16', '\x17',
+        '\x18', '\x19', '\x1A', '\x1B', '\x1C', '\x1D', '\x1E', '\x1F',
+        '\x80', '\x81', '\x82', '\x83', '\x84', '\x85', '\x86', '\x87',
+        '\x88', '\x89', '\x8A', '\x8B', '\x8C', '\x8D', '\x8E', '\x8F',
+        '\x90', '\x91', '\x92', '\x93', '\x94', '\x95', '\x96', '\x97',
+        '\x98', '\x99', '\x9A', '\x9B', '\x9C', '\x9D', '\x9E', '\x9F'
+    );
+
+    public static Encoding UTF8 => _utf8 ??= new UTF8Encoding(false, false);
+    public static Encoding Unicode => _unicode ??= new UnicodeEncoding(true, false, false);
+    public static Encoding UnicodeLE => _unicodeLE ??= new UnicodeEncoding(false, false, false);
+    public static Encoding Latin1 => Encoding.Latin1;
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static byte[] GetBytesAscii(this string str) => GetBytes(str, Encoding.ASCII);
@@ -43,6 +80,9 @@ public static class TextEncoding
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static byte[] GetBytesAscii(this ReadOnlySpan<char> str) => GetBytes(str, Encoding.ASCII);
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static byte[] GetBytesLatin1(this ReadOnlySpan<char> str) => GetBytes(str, Latin1);
+
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static byte[] GetBytesBigUni(this ReadOnlySpan<char> str) => GetBytes(str, Unicode);
 
@@ -86,6 +126,12 @@ public static class TextEncoding
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static int GetBytesAscii(this ReadOnlySpan<char> str, Span<byte> buffer) => Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(str, buffer);
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static int GetBytesLatin1(this ReadOnlySpan<char> str, Span<byte> buffer) => Latin1.GetBytes(str, buffer);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static int GetBytesLatin1(this string str, Span<byte> buffer) => Latin1.GetBytes(str, buffer);
+
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static int GetBytesBigUni(this string str, Span<byte> buffer) => Unicode.GetBytes(str, buffer);
 
@@ -115,14 +161,111 @@ public static class TextEncoding
             _          => 1
         };
 
-    public static string GetString(ReadOnlySpan<byte> span, Encoding encoding, bool safeString = false)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an ASCII byte span to a string, filtering C0 control codes and DEL in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// For ASCII, bytes >= 0x80 are invalid and become '?' when decoded, which is acceptable for display.
+    /// Only C0 (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F) need explicit filtering.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static string GetStringAscii(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, bool safeString = false)
     {
         if (!safeString)
         {
-            return encoding.GetString(span);
+            return Encoding.ASCII.GetString(bytes);
         }
 
-        var charCount = encoding.GetMaxCharCount(span.Length);
+        // Check bytes directly - filter at byte level, then decode once
+        var index = bytes.IndexOfAny(InvalidAsciiBytes);
+        if (index == -1)
+        {
+            return Encoding.ASCII.GetString(bytes);
+        }
+
+        // Has invalid bytes, filter and decode
+        return FilterInvalidAsciiBytes(bytes, index);
+    }
+
+    private static string FilterInvalidAsciiBytes(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, int firstInvalidIndex)
+    {
+        var maxLength = bytes.Length;
+
+        char[] rentedChars = null;
+        var charBuffer = maxLength <= 256
+            ? stackalloc char[maxLength]
+            : rentedChars = STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(maxLength);
+
+        try
+        {
+            using var sb = maxLength <= 256
+                ? new ValueStringBuilder(stackalloc char[maxLength])
+                : ValueStringBuilder.Create(maxLength);
+
+            var index = firstInvalidIndex;
+
+            while (index != -1)
+            {
+                if (index > 0)
+                {
+                    // Decode segment and append
+                    var segment = bytes[..index];
+                    var decoded = Encoding.ASCII.GetChars(segment, charBuffer);
+                    sb.Append(charBuffer[..decoded]);
+                }
+
+                if (index + 1 < bytes.Length)
+                {
+                    bytes = bytes[(index + 1)..];
+                    index = bytes.IndexOfAny(InvalidAsciiBytes);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    bytes = [];
+                    index = -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (bytes.Length > 0)
+            {
+                var decoded = Encoding.ASCII.GetChars(bytes, charBuffer);
+                sb.Append(charBuffer[..decoded]);
+            }
+
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (rentedChars != null)
+            {
+                STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(rentedChars);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a Latin1 byte span to a string, filtering C0/C1 control codes in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string GetStringLatin1(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, bool safeString = false)
+    {
+        if (!safeString)
+        {
+            return Latin1.GetString(bytes);
+        }
+
+        // Check bytes directly - Latin1 is 1:1 mapping, avoids char buffer for valid strings
+        var index = bytes.IndexOfAny(InvalidLatin1Bytes);
+        if (index == -1)
+        {
+            return Latin1.GetString(bytes);
+        }
+
+        // Has invalid bytes, need to filter - now allocate char buffer
+        return FilterInvalidLatin1Chars(bytes, index);
+    }
+
+    private static string FilterInvalidLatin1Chars(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, int firstInvalidIndex)
+    {
+        var charCount = bytes.Length;
 
         char[] rentedChars = null;
         var chars = charCount <= 256
@@ -131,19 +274,16 @@ public static class TextEncoding
 
         try
         {
-            var length = encoding.GetChars(span, chars);
+            var length = Latin1.GetChars(bytes, chars);
             chars = chars[..length];
 
-            var index = chars.IndexOfAnyExceptInRange((char)0x20, (char)0xFFFD);
-            if (index == -1)
-            {
-                return new string(chars);
-            }
-
             using var sb = charCount <= 256
                 ? new ValueStringBuilder(stackalloc char[charCount])
                 : ValueStringBuilder.Create(charCount);
 
+            // Start from the first invalid index we already found
+            var index = firstInvalidIndex;
+
             while (index != -1)
             {
                 sb.Append(chars[..index]);
@@ -151,7 +291,7 @@ public static class TextEncoding
                 if (index + 1 < chars.Length)
                 {
                     chars = chars[(index + 1)..];
-                    index = chars.IndexOfAnyExceptInRange((char)0x20, (char)0xFFFD);
+                    index = chars.IndexOfAny(InvalidLatin1Chars);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -174,4 +314,281 @@ public static class TextEncoding
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a UTF-8 byte span to a string, filtering control codes and non-characters in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Filters: C0 (0x00-0x1F), DEL (0x7F), C1 (0x80-0x9F), and non-characters (0xFFFD-0xFFFF).
+    /// Optimized to check bytes for C0/DEL first (single-byte in UTF-8), then chars for C1/non-chars.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static string GetStringUtf8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, bool safeString = false)
+    {
+        if (!safeString)
+        {
+            return UTF8.GetString(bytes);
+        }
+
+        // Quick check: C0 (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F) are single-byte in UTF-8
+        var hasC0OrDel = bytes.IndexOfAny(InvalidAsciiBytes) >= 0;
+
+        var charCount = UTF8.GetMaxCharCount(bytes.Length);
+
+        char[] rentedChars = null;
+        var chars = charCount <= 256
+            ? stackalloc char[charCount]
+            : rentedChars = STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(charCount);
+
+        try
+        {
+            var length = UTF8.GetChars(bytes, chars);
+            chars = chars[..length];
+
+            // If no C0/DEL in bytes, only need to check for C1 and non-chars
+            var index = hasC0OrDel
+                ? IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(chars)
+                : IndexOfInvalidUnicodeCharNonAscii(chars);
+
+            if (index == -1)
+            {
+                return new string(chars);
+            }
+
+            return FilterInvalidUnicodeChars(chars, index, hasC0OrDel);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (rentedChars != null)
+            {
+                STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(rentedChars);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a big-endian UTF-16 byte span to a string, filtering control codes and non-characters in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string GetStringBigUni(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, bool safeString = false)
+    {
+        if (!safeString)
+        {
+            return Unicode.GetString(bytes);
+        }
+
+        var charCount = Unicode.GetMaxCharCount(bytes.Length);
+
+        char[] rentedChars = null;
+        var chars = charCount <= 256
+            ? stackalloc char[charCount]
+            : rentedChars = STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(charCount);
+
+        try
+        {
+            var length = Unicode.GetChars(bytes, chars);
+            chars = chars[..length];
+
+            var index = IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(chars);
+            if (index == -1)
+            {
+                return new string(chars);
+            }
+
+            return FilterInvalidUnicodeChars(chars, index, fullCheck: true);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (rentedChars != null)
+            {
+                STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(rentedChars);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a little-endian UTF-16 byte span to a string, filtering control codes and non-characters in safe mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Optimized for little-endian systems using direct memory cast (no decoding overhead).
+    /// </remarks>
+    public static string GetStringLittleUni(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, bool safeString = false)
+    {
+        // Direct cast - UTF-16 LE bytes map directly to chars on little-endian systems
+        var chars = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, char>(bytes);
+
+        if (!safeString)
+        {
+            return new string(chars);
+        }
+
+        var index = IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(chars);
+        if (index == -1)
+        {
+            return new string(chars);
+        }
+
+        return FilterInvalidUnicodeChars(chars, index, fullCheck: true);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Generic string decoding with filtering. Prefer encoding-specific methods for better performance.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static string GetString(ReadOnlySpan<byte> span, Encoding encoding, bool safeString = false)
+    {
+        if (!safeString)
+        {
+            return encoding.GetString(span);
+        }
+
+        var charCount = encoding.GetMaxCharCount(span.Length);
+
+        char[] rentedChars = null;
+        var chars = charCount <= 256
+            ? stackalloc char[charCount]
+            : rentedChars = STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Rent(charCount);
+
+        try
+        {
+            var length = encoding.GetChars(span, chars);
+            chars = chars[..length];
+
+            var index = IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(chars);
+            if (index == -1)
+            {
+                return new string(chars);
+            }
+
+            using var sb = charCount <= 256
+                ? new ValueStringBuilder(stackalloc char[charCount])
+                : ValueStringBuilder.Create(charCount);
+
+            while (index != -1)
+            {
+                sb.Append(chars[..index]);
+
+                if (index + 1 < chars.Length)
+                {
+                    chars = chars[(index + 1)..];
+                    index = IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(chars);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    index = -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (chars.Length > 0)
+            {
+                sb.Append(chars);
+            }
+
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (rentedChars != null)
+            {
+                STArrayPool<char>.Shared.Return(rentedChars);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Finds the first invalid Unicode character for display.
+    /// Invalid: C0 (0x00-0x1F), DEL (0x7F), C1 (0x80-0x9F), non-chars (0xFFFE-0xFFFF).
+    /// Note: Surrogate pairs (0xD800-0xDFFF) are not filtered - proper validation requires context checking.
+    /// </summary>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private static int IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(ReadOnlySpan<char> chars)
+    {
+        // Check invalid ranges and return the minimum index found
+        var c0Index = chars.IndexOfAnyInRange((char)0x00, (char)0x1F);        // C0 control codes
+        var delC1Index = chars.IndexOfAnyInRange((char)0x7F, (char)0x9F);     // DEL + C1 control codes
+        var nonCharIndex = chars.IndexOfAnyInRange((char)0xFFFE, (char)0xFFFF); // Non-characters
+
+        // Find minimum non-negative index
+        var minIndex = -1;
+
+        if (c0Index >= 0)
+        {
+            minIndex = c0Index;
+        }
+
+        if (delC1Index >= 0 && (minIndex < 0 || delC1Index < minIndex))
+        {
+            minIndex = delC1Index;
+        }
+
+        if (nonCharIndex >= 0 && (minIndex < 0 || nonCharIndex < minIndex))
+        {
+            minIndex = nonCharIndex;
+        }
+
+        return minIndex;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Finds the first invalid Unicode character, excluding C0/DEL (already checked at byte level).
+    /// Checks: C1 (0x80-0x9F), non-chars (0xFFFE-0xFFFF).
+    /// Note: Surrogate pairs (0xD800-0xDFFF) are not filtered - proper validation requires context checking.
+    /// </summary>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private static int IndexOfInvalidUnicodeCharNonAscii(ReadOnlySpan<char> chars)
+    {
+        // Only check C1 and non-chars (C0/DEL already verified absent at byte level)
+        var c1Index = chars.IndexOfAnyInRange((char)0x80, (char)0x9F);           // C1 control codes
+        var nonCharIndex = chars.IndexOfAnyInRange((char)0xFFFE, (char)0xFFFF);  // Non-characters
+
+        if (c1Index < 0)
+        {
+            return nonCharIndex;
+        }
+
+        if (nonCharIndex < 0)
+        {
+            return c1Index;
+        }
+
+        return Math.Min(c1Index, nonCharIndex);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Filters invalid Unicode characters from a char span by removing them.
+    /// The UO client renders nothing for invalid characters, so removal is most efficient.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static string FilterInvalidUnicodeChars(ReadOnlySpan<char> chars, int firstInvalidIndex, bool fullCheck)
+    {
+        var maxLength = chars.Length;
+
+        using var sb = maxLength <= 256
+            ? new ValueStringBuilder(stackalloc char[maxLength])
+            : ValueStringBuilder.Create(maxLength);
+
+        var index = firstInvalidIndex;
+
+        while (index != -1)
+        {
+            sb.Append(chars[..index]);
+            // Skip the invalid character (don't append replacement - client renders nothing anyway)
+
+            if (index + 1 < chars.Length)
+            {
+                chars = chars[(index + 1)..];
+                index = fullCheck
+                    ? IndexOfInvalidUnicodeChar(chars)
+                    : IndexOfInvalidUnicodeCharNonAscii(chars);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                chars = [];
+                index = -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (chars.Length > 0)
+        {
+            sb.Append(chars);
+        }
+
+        return sb.ToString();
+    }
 }

Projects/UOContent.Tests/Tests/Accounting/AccountHandlerTests.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ public class AccountHandlerTests
 
     [Theory]
     [InlineData("", false)]                             // Empty password
-    [InlineData("Invalid\x01Char", false)]              // Contains invalid ASCII character
     [InlineData("ValidPass123!", true)]                 // Standard Password
     [InlineData(" ", true)]                             // Single space
     [InlineData("ValidPass!@#", true)]                  // Valid special characters

Projects/UOContent/Accounting/AccountHandler.cs

@@ -247,15 +247,10 @@ public static class AccountHandler
         username.Length > 0 &&
         // Usernames must not start with a space, end with a space, or end with a period
         !username.StartsWith(' ') && !username.EndsWith(' ') && !username.EndsWith('.') &&
-        // Usernames must only contain characters [0x20 -> 0x7E], and not contain any forbidden characters
-        !username.ContainsAnyExceptInRange((char)0x20, (char)0x7E) &&
         !username.ContainsAny(ForbiddenChars);
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static bool IsValidPassword(ReadOnlySpan<char> password) =>
-        password.Length > 0 &&
-        // Passwords must have characters [0x20 -> 0x7E]
-        !password.ContainsAnyExceptInRange((char)0x20, (char)0x7E);
+    public static bool IsValidPassword(ReadOnlySpan<char> password) => password.Length > 0;
 
     private static Account CreateAccount(NetState state, string username, string password)
     {

Projects/UOContent/Gumps/Base/GumpLayoutBuilder.cs

@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ public ref struct GumpLayoutBuilder
     {
         if (!value.IsEmpty)
         {
-            _bytesWritten += value.GetBytesAscii(_layoutBuffer.AsSpan(_bytesWritten));
+            _bytesWritten += value.GetBytesLatin1(_layoutBuffer.AsSpan(_bytesWritten));
         }
     }
 

Projects/UOContent/Gumps/Base/Legacy/GumpHtmlLocalized.cs

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public class GumpHtmlLocalized : GumpEntry
                 }
             case GumpHtmlLocalizedType.Args:
                 {
-                    writer.WriteAscii(
+                    writer.WriteLatin1(
                         $"{{ xmfhtmltok {X} {Y} {Width} {Height} {(Background ? "1" : "0")} {(Scrollbar ? "1" : "0")} {Color} {Number} @{Args}@ }}"
                     );
                     break;

Projects/UOContent/Gumps/Base/Legacy/GumpTooltip.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,13 @@ public class GumpTooltip : GumpEntry
 
     public override void AppendTo(ref SpanWriter writer, OrderedSet<string> strings, ref int entries, ref int switches)
     {
-        writer.WriteAscii(string.IsNullOrEmpty(Args) ? $"{{ tooltip {Number} }}" : $"{{ tooltip {Number} @{Args}@ }}");
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Args))
+        {
+            writer.WriteAscii($"{{ tooltip {Number} }}");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            writer.WriteLatin1($"{{ tooltip {Number} @{Args}@ }}");
+        }
     }
 }

Projects/UOContent/Gumps/Base/OutgoingGumpPackets.cs

@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ public static class OutgoingGumpPackets
         writer.Write(serial);
         writer.Write((short)gumpId);
         writer.Write((short)(unknown.Length + 1));
-        writer.WriteAsciiNull(unknown);
+        writer.WriteLatin1Null(unknown);
         writer.Write((short)(caption.Length + 1));
-        writer.WriteAsciiNull(caption);
+        writer.WriteLatin1Null(caption);
 
         ns.Send(writer.Span);
     }

Projects/UOContent/Gumps/Base/RelayInfo.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*************************************************************************
  * ModernUO                                                              *
- * Copyright 2019-2024 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
+ * Copyright 2019-2026 - ModernUO Development Team                       *
  * Email: hi@modernuo.com                                                *
  * File: RelayInfo.cs                                                    *
  *                                                                       *
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ public readonly ref struct RelayInfo
     public string GetTextEntry(int entryId)
     {
         var index = _textIds.IndexOf((ushort)entryId);
-        return index == -1
-            ? default
-            : TextEncoding.GetString(_textBlock[_textRanges[index]], TextEncoding.Unicode, true);
+        return index == -1 ? null : TextEncoding.GetStringBigUni(_textBlock[_textRanges[index]], true);
     }
 }

Projects/UOContent/Items/Books/BookPackets.cs

@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ namespace Server.Items
 
             reader.Seek(4, SeekOrigin.Current); // Skip flags and page count
 
-            var title = reader.ReadAsciiSafe(60);
-            var author = reader.ReadAsciiSafe(30);
+            var title = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(60);
+            var author = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(30);
 
             book.Title = title.FixHtml();
             book.Author = author.FixHtml();

Projects/UOContent/Items/Games/Mahjong/MahjongPackets.cs

@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ namespace Server.Engines.Mahjong
                 writer.Write((byte)0);
 
                 writer.Write(players.IsPublic(i));
-                writer.WriteAscii(m?.Name ?? "", 30);
+                writer.WriteLatin1(m?.Name ?? "", 30);
 
                 writer.Write(m == null || !players.IsInGamePlayer(i));
                 count++;

Projects/UOContent/Network/Packets/IncomingAccountPackets.cs

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public static class IncomingAccountPackets
         var unk2 = reader.ReadInt32();
         int unk3 = reader.ReadByte();
         */
-        var name = reader.ReadAscii(30);
+        var name = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(30);
 
         reader.Seek(2, SeekOrigin.Current);
         var flags = reader.ReadInt32();
@@ -371,8 +371,8 @@ public static class IncomingAccountPackets
         state.Version = ap.Version;
         state.Seeded = true;
 
-        var username = reader.ReadAscii(30);
-        var password = reader.ReadAscii(30);
+        var username = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(30);
+        var password = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(30);
 
         var e = new GameServer.GameLoginEventArgs(state, username, password);
 
@@ -446,8 +446,8 @@ public static class IncomingAccountPackets
 
         state.SentFirstPacket = true;
 
-        var username = reader.ReadAscii(30);
-        var password = reader.ReadAscii(30);
+        var username = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(30);
+        var password = reader.ReadLatin1Safe(30);
 
         var accountLoginEventArgs = new AccountLoginEventArgs(state, username, password);
 

Projects/UOContent/Network/Packets/IncomingMessagePackets.cs

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public static class IncomingMessagePackets
         var type = (MessageType)reader.ReadByte();
         int hue = reader.ReadInt16();
         reader.ReadInt16(); // font
-        var text = reader.ReadAsciiSafe().Trim();
+        var text = reader.ReadLatin1Safe().Trim();
 
         if (text.Length is <= 0 or > 128)
         {

Projects/UOContent/Network/Packets/IncomingMobilePackets.cs

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public static class IncomingMobilePackets
 
         if (targ != null)
         {
-            RenameRequests.RenameRequest(from, targ, reader.ReadAsciiSafe());
+            RenameRequests.RenameRequest(from, targ, reader.ReadLatin1Safe());
         }
     }
 

Projects/UOContent/Network/Packets/IncomingPlayerPackets.cs

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ public static class IncomingPlayerPackets
         var serial = reader.ReadUInt32();
         var prompt = reader.ReadInt32();
         var type = reader.ReadInt32();
-        var text = reader.ReadAsciiSafe();
+        var text = reader.ReadLatin1Safe();
 
         if (text.Length > 128)
         {